How the Compound Interest Formula Works
A = P × (1 + r/n)n×t + D × Gt / r
A = Final portfolio value |
P = Principal investment |
r = Annual return rate |
n = Compounding periods per year |
t = Years |
D = Annual dividend |
G = Dividend growth rate
What is Compound
Interest?
Compound interest is often called the "eighth wonder of the
world" — a phrase attributed to Albert Einstein. Unlike simple interest (which only
calculates interest on the original principal), compound interest calculates interest on both the
principal AND all previously accumulated interest. In the
context of dividend investing, this means your dividends earn dividends — a self-reinforcing
snowball effect.
How the Snowball
Calculator Works
This simulator models
your portfolio growth using monthly compounding — the most
accurate method for dividend investing. Here's what each input controls:
- Initial Investment (P): Your starting capital. Even small
amounts like $1,000 demonstrate the power of time in compound growth.
- Annual Dividend Yield (r): The annual dividend income as a
percentage of the stock price. For a stock priced at $100 paying $4/year, the yield is 4%. Our
simulator uses this to calculate monthly dividend income.
- Annual Price Growth (g): The expected annual stock price
appreciation rate. This is separate from dividends — quality dividend stocks often deliver both
income AND capital growth.
- Annual Dividend Growth: How much the company increases its
dividend each year. This is the key driver of long-term Yield on Cost. A 7% growth rate means
your dividend double every ~10 years (Rule of 72).
- Investment Period (t): The number of years you plan to
hold. Time is the most powerful variable — the difference between 10 and 20 years is often 3–4×
the final portfolio value.
- Monthly Contribution: Regular additional investments
amplify the snowball. Even $100/month significantly accelerates the compounding process.
- DRIP (Dividend Reinvestment): When enabled, all dividends
are automatically reinvested to buy more shares each month. This is the core engine of compound
growth. Without DRIP, dividend income is taken as cash; with DRIP, it compounds exponentially.
- Tax Rate on Dividends: The withholding tax applied to
dividends before reinvestment or withdrawal. Default is 15%, representing the most common
US-treaty rate for international investors. US residents typically pay 0%–20% depending on
income bracket.
Reading the Results
The simulator outputs
three key figures:
- Total Portfolio Value: Your final wealth including all
reinvested dividends and capital appreciation after the investment period.
- Total Dividend Income: The cumulative dividends received
(and reinvested) over the entire period. Compare this to your initial investment to see
dividend-on-cost.
- Total Gain: The difference between your final portfolio
value and total capital invested (initial + monthly contributions). This represents your pure
investment return.
💡 Pro
Strategy: The DRIP vs. Cash-Out Test
Run the calculator twice: once with DRIP enabled, once without. Compare the 20-year results. The
difference shows the exact additional wealth generated by reinvesting dividends
rather than withdrawing them as cash. For most portfolios at 4%+ yield, DRIP significantly adds
50–100% more wealth over 20 years.
Important note: This calculator provides hypothetical
projections based on constant input values. Real-world returns vary due to market volatility,
dividend cuts, changes in payout ratios, inflation, and currency fluctuations. Always consult a
licensed financial advisor before making investment decisions. Explore our US Dividend Stock Search to find stocks that match your target yield and
growth profile.